Pollution Due to Vehicular Emissions Case Study

Pollution Due to Vehicular Emissions - Case Study Example It changed from a colonial headquarters to a national capital. It was suddenly the most important and active center for governance, commerce, industry, culture and education. The consequent rise in population and economic activity resulted in the city's unprecedented growth. With civic amenities not being able to keep pace with the city's expansion in terms of population, vehicles, loss of green cover and so on, pollution rose and touched alarming levels. The state government along with non-government organizations and concerned citizens including school children has been aware for some time now about the urgency of keeping pollution under control. Some measures have been taken though the battle against pollution is still far from won. This paper examines the problem of pollution caused by vehicular emissions in the Indian Capital of New Delhi. The steps taken to control it, subsequent results and future intentions are discussed briefly. According to the White Paper on Pollution in Delhi, 1997, 67% of the total air pollution can be attributed to vehicular emissions. The phenomenal increase in number of vehicles in Delhi can be best appreciated when one is confronted with actual numbers. According to the same paper it is learnt that number of vehicles in Delhi rose from two hundred and thirty five thousand in 1975 to two million six hundred and twenty nine thousand in 1996! While in 1975 the number of vehicles in Delhi and Mumbai were about the same, by 1997, Delhi had three times the number of vehicles in Mumbai. Understanding the urgency of the situation the Ministry of Environment and Forests after much deliberation with concerned government agencies, NGOs, experts and citizens, produced a comprehensive Action Plan that prescribed a number of measures to combat Delhi's rapidly increasing pollution. It was quite clear that if the air in Delhi was to be cleared, vehicular emissions had to be addressed first of all in any strategy to control air pollution in the city. Earlier in 1995 the Centre for Science and Environment had succeeded in creating awareness among the people of the dangers of air pollution in Delhi. The CSE campaign called for a shift from use of diesel as fuel for vehicles in Indian cities towards Compressed Natural Gas. Eventually, in December 2002 the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) program was implemented. All public transport vehicles had to run on CNG only. Air quality in Delhi improved perceptibly yet there was still much scope for improvement. Five years later, by November 2007, an alarm went up again with annual average levels of reparable suspended particulate matter showing an upward swing the previous year. It was believed that the gains from the CNG program had been lost with all first generation options having been exhausted. Sunita Narain, Director CSE said strict measures needed to be taken with a second generation of reforms that would address new challenges. The rate at which the city was adding new personal vehicles each day to its roads doubled that of the pre-CNG days. However, the gravity of the situation was not lost on at least some members of the government and the Chief Minister of Delhi, Ms Sheila

Should be banned or not smoking in the sociery Essay

Should be banned or not smoking in the sociery - Essay Example Some of these arguments are seen to include. Why Smoking should not be banned in Society Proponents of smoking point out that most societies accept that adults can be able to decide to cause some form of harm to their individual selves as long as such harm is not seen to extend to other individuals. As such, the imposition of smoking bans in public places is not essentially valid as passive smokers who do not wish to involuntarily inhale tobacco smoke should naturally avoid going to places where smoking has been allowed. Proponents of smoking point out that as a result of its being legal for individuals to be allowed to smoke, it is essentially not within the rights of governments to try and cause people to desist from smoking. Smokers are not a liability to anyone as they are able to find their own healthcare via the relatively high taxes that they happen to pay on tobacco and in any case, any efforts by the government to try and dissuade smokers from smoking would be extremely diff icult as heavy smokers are normally seen to be addicted to nicotine and cannot be able to give up on smoking easily. It is also pointed out that any attempts to ban smoking in public spaces would have the involuntary effect of driving most clubs, bars and pubs out of business as smokers would avoid going to such places. These businesses would also be seen to run the risk of generating less revenue by any bans on tobacco sales (Whittingdale 130). In most places, pubs are seen to be social communal centers that aid in bringing the members of a given community together and in addition to this function, they also provide ample job opportunities for individuals that might happen to be having relatively few job skills. As opposed to attempting to place a ban on smoking, pubs should be encouraged to set up non-smoking bars to cater for the needs of the non-smoking patrons. There is a relatively large number of non-smokers who are seen to be working in smoky environments and do not seem to mind it. Most individuals are of the view that it is better for them to be working in the smoky job environment as opposed to the unenviable option of not having any job at all. In the event that an organization happens to employ a large number of non-smokers, it is possible for the company to invest in the installation of ventilation fans to help in removing the smoke from the office. Why Smoking should be banned in Society Scientists have been able to show that smoking is fraught with a number of dangers as it can lead to cancer, heart disease and stroke. According to Hong, the use of tobacco is largely considered to be the single largest cause of cases of preventable cancer deaths across the world. Cigarette smoking is estimated to account for an approximated over 1 million cancer deaths in the world each year, with a staggering ninety percent of lung cancer incidents and mortality cases being attributed to smoking (386). In addition to this menace, smoking has been shown to not only harm the smokers, but also any people who might happen to be near the smoking individual in what is commonly referred to as passive smoking. Although the smoker makes the active decision to engage in smoking, the people around the smoker essentially do not make the decision to smoke in a passive manner and as such, a complete ban on smoking in society should be effected so as to effectively protect such individuals. The enforcement of a ban on smoking would serve to encourage smokers

Arousal Theories Essay Example for Free

Arousal Theories Essay During the rallies, you could see that their arousal levels were increasing because he kept hitting the shuttle harder and harder each time and because he is in the autonomous stage of learning, as arousal levels increased, so did their performance as they won most rallies. Theory: Drive theory – this theory states that as arousal levels increase, so does performance/dominant response. With cognitive learners, their dominant response is usually incorrect, so low arousal levels work best as their dominant response is decreased. With athletes in the autonomous stage, their dominant response is usually correct, so high arousal levels work best as their performance increases. Inverted U theory At low levels of arousal, performance will be below par, the athlete is not psyched up. As arousal increases so does performance, up to an optimal point. After this point, further increases in arousal lead to declines in performance. Each athlete has their own optimal level of arousal. Optimal arousal is higher for more simple tasks and lower for more complex tasks. An increase in arousal causes improvement in performance up to an optimal point (moderate arousal level). After this point, increased arousal leads to deteriorated performance. Catastrophe theory – like the inverted U theory, catastrophe theory claims that as somatic arousal increases then the quality of performance improves. Performance will reach maximum potential at the optimum level only if cognitive arousal anxiety is kept low. If high cognitive anxiety coincides with high somatic arousal the athlete will go beyond the optimum level of arousal and is thought to have gone over the edge, where performance drops shown by a vertical line on the graph. After this, the performer can rejoin the upward curve of arousal and gain the optimal threshold again, to do this they have to lower cognitive anxiety.

The Global Problem of Spamming and Unsolicited E-mail Essay -- Interne

The Global Problem of Spamming and Unsolicited E-mail Introduction Spamming and unsolicited email has become a growing issue all over the world. As the internet grows, so does the problem of spamming. With the evolution of the internet, there has been a love and hate relationship among the spammed and the spammers. Before going into discussing further about spamming, we have to actually define spamming: Spamming is sending a message or multiple copies of a message to many inappropriate newsgroups or sending a single or multiple copies of a message to any mailbox for an individual who did not specifically request the email1. If we look at it even more simply we can define spamming as â€Å"any unsolicited e-mail†2. Therefore any email that is sent without the will or asking of the receiver can be more or less called as spamming. This does not mean that the email is not desired or disliked by the receiver. Often users might actually find certain type of unsolicited e-mail helpful. But whether liked or disliked if the email that is sent is ‘unsolicited’, it becomes spam and in some cases illegal. It is often misunderstood when it come to quantity. Often people mistakenly think that spamming only occurs when large numbers of emails are sent. But on the contrary even a single email that is ‘unsolicited’ or un-called for can be termed as spam. Spamming can take a variety of forms. Certain forms of emails may not even appear to be a spam at first but if we carefully examine the above definition and compare with it we will notice that these emails are actually spam. One of the most common forms of emails that we receive are advertisements. It is also the most abused term to describe spam. People use email advertisements and... ...ill 1629 http://www.jmls.edu/cyber/statutes/email/ca1629-2.html 10. Spinello, 33 11. Spinello, 38 12. Spinello, 28 References http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/spam.html http://www.aros.net/policies/spam.shtml Chain Emails: Just another Ploy or the Real McCoy? http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/features/chainmail.htm http://www.euro.cauce.org/en/countries/c_uk.html http://www.euro.cauce.org/en/countries/c_fr.html California Assembly Bill 1629 Summary of state spam laws Spam Statistics Spinello, Richard A., Computer Ethics and Social Values Top 10 Anti-Spam Tools for Windows ttp://email.about.com/cs/winspamreviews/tp/anti-spam.htm

Cosmetology and College Search

When wanting to be a good Cosmetologist that person has to have good work ethics as in being self-motivated with their work. Cosmetology careers are jobs that help someone’s appearance look better over time as the hair is done by a licensed worker (An Introduction to Cosmetology). For someone to be a good cosmetologist he or she has to have a creative mind and has to be a friendly person (An Introduction to Cosmetology).When that worker is working with someone’s hair, the main thing to remember is to ask the customer how the hair is going to be cut and the instructions of that person always needs to be followed in order to keep the customer. Cosmetology workers can earn lots of money if taken the right path to succeed their possibilities in the future.The general tasks a hairdresser may do daily and many more could include keeping work stations kept clean at all times and cleaning hair accessories after each use, being sure to ask the customer what hair style they would like and follow their instructions on how they want it, â€Å"look at the hair and give the customer a couple of ideas on how the hair style could look†, picking up the phone and taking customers calls and scheduling appointments, â€Å"going through all files and making sure they are updated with all the customers correct information†, being on cash register duty to take the customers money from them, selling hair care products is a major component of this career and cosmetologists like to show customers before they leave the salon and demonstrate the items that would work best with their hair for them to sell. (College Search and Planning Guide).A cosmetologist can â€Å"make an average of $11. 21 an hour and make an average of $43,250 a year† (College Search and Planning Guide). In order for a worker to make this much they usually have 40 hour workweeks. â€Å"In the United States, there are about 349,210 hairdresser/cosmetology jobs offered to people in in terest of being a cosmetologist†(College Search and Planning Guide). The work environment for hairdressers is 99% always clean to satisfy a customer in their own personal salon or someone else that owns that salon (College Search and Planning Guide).

Essay on Microsoft Paul Allen and Bill Gates - 1875 Words

Throughout the history of the world there have been revolutions, martyrs, and innovations that have changed the course of mankind. As history has proven, one person can have an effect on many, one action can excite anything, and one invention can change the whole world. In the case of the developing world of technology, many tried, but only a few could get a stake in the fast moving industry and throughout it all one name has stamped their name on the PC business, Microsoft. It started with two teenagers who envisioned an endless world of possibilities for the world of computing at an early stage. Paul Allen and Bill Gates were two high school students who attended Lakeside their dreams of one day being computer moguls started with a word†¦show more content†¦Like Bill, Paul also attended Lakeside and spent most of his time playing with/programming the Teletype Model 33. Paul was more of an idealist and visionary as oppose to his counterpart best friend. Paul also considered a genius made a perfect score on the SAT and attended Washington University. Paul’s college career was marked short as Allen dropped out to pursue an opportunity that would soon make them him and Gates official computer technicians. The idea came from a magazine entitled, Popular Electronics, the plan was to make a basic language implementation for the program Altair 8800 which was created by MITS it efforts to eventually score a contract to where they would have breathing room to make more and better programs. The plan worked perfectly, as Allen flew to Albuquerque, New Mexico presented their work and won the contract. They both packed up and moved to New Mexico. There, they started Microsoft and at the end of 1973 revenues from their company totaled over $16,000. Microsoft wasnt a complete success yet though, with competition in literally every corner of the planet they had a lot of work to do before they could become the face of personal computing. With developing companies like Apple and Hewlett Packard making equivalently valuable progress in the programming industry Microsoft had toShow MoreRelatedMicrosoft Corporation Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975 to1500 Words   |  6 PagesMicrosoft Corporation Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for Altair 8800. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office suite, and InternetRead MoreMicrosoft began when two inspirational young men, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, to develop BASIC1800 Words   |  8 PagesMicrosoft began when two inspirational young men, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, to develop BASIC language software for ALTAIR 8800. Today, Microsoft is the world’s largest software company and an undeniable force in the computing world. Microsoft’s products are used across the world, from every age to every race. Microsoft is the parent company of the Windows operating syst em, Internet Explorer browser, the Office suite of programs, and the Xbox game system. The company has a revenue of $60.42 billionRead MoreAnalysis Of Bill Gates And Paul Allen1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Microsoft Bill Gates and Paul Allen are both the cofounders of the Microsoft Company. 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Ever since Bill Gates was a young child, he had always loved computers and the wayRead MoreBill Gates Biography1171 Words   |  5 PagesBill Gates was born  October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington. He is famous for building through technological innovation, great business strategies and aggressive business tactics, the worlds largest software business, Microsoft. He is also well known for becoming the wealthiest person in the world in the process of building his company. Gates came from an upper middle-class family. His  family atmosphere was warm and close, and he and his two sisters were always encouraged to be competitive andRead MoreThe Legacy Of Bill Gates1304 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Bill Gates Bill Gates made a lot of changes to the way the world operates through technology and made life at lot easier for other people around the world. Bill Gates (also known as William Henry III or Trey) is an American entrepreneur, business mogul, investor, philanthropist, and one of the most richest and influential people in the world. He was also known as the best businessman in the 20th century. In his years as a child, he had the attitude for math and science as well as showingRead MoreBill Gates : The World s Prime Software Business1606 Words   |  7 Pages William Henry Gates; who is well known as Bill Gates was born on 28th of Oct, 1955, in Washington. In age of 13 Gates started showing curiosity in computer programming when he was at Lakeside school and pursued his passion through college. Striking out on his own with his friend and business partner Paul Allen, Gates found himself at the right place at the right time. Through technological modernization, strong business strat egy and aggressive business tactics, he built the world s prime softwareRead MoreBill Gates : The Computer Industry1351 Words   |  6 PagesBill Gates is worth about 79.2 Billion US dollars, at his peak 101 Billion US dollars. Bill Gates is a computer programmer, entrepreneur who took the computer industry by storm. He formed the company Microsoft and made it a leading computer corporation within ten years of opening for business. Bill Gates later stopped working full time at Microsoft and focused on his Foundation called Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill Gates is an amazing and interesting person to know about. Bill GatesRead MoreBill Gates Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesBill Gates We read books for a number of reasons but usually because we want to or we have to. When you pick up a book it falls into one of three types, dependent on whether it is a want to or a have to type of book. First theres the kind of book you pick up and like the look of but then the first chapter is so bad that you have to put it down because you are either too confused by the plot or you discover it has been written in some obscure untranslatable language. The second type is whereRead MoreEssay about Bill Gates869 Words   |  4 PagesBill Gates William Henry Gates, also known as â€Å"Bill†, has established himself as the richest man in the world. He is the youngest self made billionaire, and perhaps the best businessman in the world. As you read along, you will learn what Bill Gates’ accomplishments were, what his beliefs were, and why this topic is so important. Bill Gates is important because not only did he change the computer technology in America, he also became the biggest, strongest, richest and the most powerful company

Racial Stereotypes The Black Men Are Good At Basketball

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 1301 Racial Stereotypes Instructor: Dr. Chim O. Ahanotu Trinity Lawrence May 2, 2016 For as long as the world has existed, there have been a number of stereotypes labeled upon people all because of their race. A stereotype is an oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Racial stereotypes should not exist. We should not assume things about people that may not be true. I have a dream that racial stereotypes seize to exist. As an African American, there are several stereotypes placed upon my people. One of the most common is the assumption that â€Å"all black men are good at basketball.† Although over 80% of the men in the NBA are African American, every African American man cannot play basketball. For every Michael Jordan, there are 25 black men who could not hit a large target with a basketball. The sport takes talent and has nothing to do with genetics or race. Not only are African Americans racially stereotyped, but it also occurs in other races. Many Americans think that all Asians are geniuses. When compared to black and white students, Asians in the U.S. school system exceed in academics, but they also make up a smaller classroom percentage. Just because the data says the Asian population has better scores, the ratio of Asians to other races is not equal. Another racial stereotype that is common in the United States is that all Hispanics don’t speak English well or at all. This may be true if you are inShow MoreRelatedThe Development of the Science of ‘Race’ Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagesthe themes of the interviews with the literature on racial stereotypes and it’s impact on individuals and the sport they participate in. The development of the science of ‘race’ is regarded within the main literatures to have emerged during the late eighteenth and nineteenth century (Gouldburg, 1990). People where trying to explain human differences and development, which gave way for a verity of racial classifications and racial stereotypes (Gouldburg, 1990), Gouldburg (1990: 266) states ‘thisRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1678 Words   |  7 Pagesbeliefs, distorting what is fictional and what is reality. The media plays a huge role in stereotyping black people compared to white people which has a major impact in how we view the people in our world. When we are watching tv or listening to the radio and it is constantly relating the color of a person s skin to their actions. This causes the audience to associate these actions with a certain racial group. It is important to note the  ¨danger of a single story ¨ because we can t let one perspectiveRead MoreThe General Public s View Of African American Athletes Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pagespositive media and tell them the good things that African American athletes have done. I would give them the same survey asking how the feel about these athletes, why they feel this way, and what they have heard about them in the media. To further explore this belief future research would have to be conducted that tested and compared subjects’ racial attitudes toward both a positive and a negative television portrayal of African Americans. In attempts to further examine racial attitudes and media portrayalsRead MoreThe Asian Athlete : A Cultural Icon Of Chinese American Communities1708 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the author, Nomo embraced this perception by sacrificing personal comforts and remaining quiet to better help his team and teammates on the Los Angeles Dodgers. Former Houston Rockets center Yao Ming represented model citizenry in displaying a good balance of an ideal Asian, in that he was able to co mpete against non-Asian athletes and still maintain his individuality as a Chinese citizen to become a cultural icon of Chinese American communities (Bairner, 2008). As part of the model minorityRead MoreBill Russell And The Civil Rights Movement Essay2437 Words   |  10 Pagesceremony after 27 years of retirement. This great man in the history of American basketball refused to have a ceremony in 1972 in Boston, the city he perceived as the â€Å"racist city†, because of his concern of discrimination. On February 15th, 2011, Bill Russell received the Medal of Freedom from President Obama for his contribution to civil rights movement. Obama described him as â€Å"the man who stand up for the dignity of all men†. From being insulted, being refused in restaurants during tournaments, intimidatingRead MoreProfessional Sports In The United States Of America, Most1839 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica, most notably basketball and football, was one of the earliest job markets that Black males were able to succeed in on their own merit by using their bodies to obtain a profitable career. However, the relationship between White team owners, the White public, the predominantly White media and Black player continues to have a long complex existence with its genesis in racial exploitation. Black men were able to break into the sports industry because of the historical focus on Black male hypermasculinityRead Morecultural issues Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing treated equally to their fellow man. The play ends with an example of a stereotype when Ms. Pat displays â€Å"all right, so your gonna have to suffer for a few hundred years, but from your pain will come a culture so complex. And with this item here... (she removes a basketball from the overhead compartment)...youll become millionaires!† She reveals basketball to point out the stereotype that all black play basketball. African Americans weren’t the only race to experience racism and cultural difficultiesRead MoreRacial Stereotypes in Television Essay1765 Words   |  8 PagesRacial stereotyping in the media should be stopped because it teaches thee current generation to embrace the views before them. For countless years, various religious and ethnic groups have been portrayed on television based on the popular and, many times, erroneous stereotypes. Past generations have grown up with their religion or ethnic group exposed in a light that may be very negative and insulting to their culture. Television over the years has molded the minds of its viewersRead MoreRacial Stacking in Football4286 Words   |  18 PagesSocial Constructs Behind Racial Stacking and Stereotypes in Football Sport as an institution has seen many of its records and barriers shattered over its countless years of existence. For instance, sport has seen Jackie Robinson break the color barrier in Major League Baseball, and Billie Jean King defeat former champion Bobby Riggs in â€Å"The battle of the sexes†. One barrier that still exists in sports today is racial stacking and stereotyping. The social phenomenon of racial stacking and stereotypingRead Morenn1939 Words   |  8 Pagesothers around the planet that may never come across a black woman†¦and the image on TV is all they have to go by.† The phenomenon that black reality television has become in an overarching topic both in and outside the African American community. As the African American Community, especially women within the community continue to enjoy these shows for what they are worth, understanding both the good and bad, we must determine whether the stereotypes being emphasized and highlighted through shows like